Poliomyelitis is a viral infectious disease of global importance. It affects children under 5 years old and it can cause paralysis. Methodology: Literature search of current information about poliomyelitis and its eradication using databases and official websites as the WHO and «Centro Nacional de Epidemiología del Instituto Carlos III». Results: The Global Poliomyelitis Eradication Initiative has reduced its incidence by 99% and the number of endemic countries has decreased from 125 to 3 (Afghanistan, Nigeria and Pakistan). The persistence of poliovirus transmission has enabled to launch emergency plans as «Pla estratègic integral per a l’eradicació de la poliomielitis» and the final phase 2013-2018. In 2002, elimination of poliomyelitis in Europe was certified. Conclusions: The global application of the Polio Eradication Plan will allow the eradication of the disease and obtain Public Health benefits. Maintaining vaccination coverage and an active surveillance system will prevent virus reintroduction in non-endemic countries